Questions On Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence - 2218 Words

†¢ Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is primarily concentrated in four areas: 1) defining â€Å"searches†; 2) the Warrant Requirement, in which warrantless searches are semantically precluded except in specific and tightly constricted situations; 3) the Probable Cause Requirement, whose exclusive provisions are closely associated with the Warrant Requirement’s proscription of police inquiries into same; and, 4) the exclusionary rule, which presumptively excludes any information or evidence gathered in violation of the preceding two (Rickless, 2005). †¢ The Court has continued to delineate areas, which fall outside the parameters of the restrictions placed upon government officials through the Fourth Amendment. †¢ The Court has ruled that the areas carved out which include exceptions to the basic tenets of the Fourth Amendment, commonly known as warrantless searches, may be conducted if circumstances are such that the interests of society outweigh the invasiveness of the action. †¢ The Court has have recognized special situations in which warrants were not required, including: border searches; consent searches; container searches; exigent circumstances; searches incident to a lawful arrest; plain view; special needs; stop and frisk; and inventory searches. †¢ The Court has ruled that the areas carved out which include exceptions to the basic tenets of the Fourth Amendment, commonly known as warrantless searches, may beShow MoreRelatedTerry Vs. Ohio, 392 U.s.1010 Words   |  5 PagesTerry vs. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) INTRODUCTION: In Terry vs. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the question of the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizure was brought before the court system. The case looked at the admissibility of evidence discovered during search and seizure, in particular, as it relates to street encounters and investigations between citizens and officers of the law. The Supreme Court of Ohio reviewed the decision of the 5th Ohio Court of Appeals. This case wasRead MoreTechnology : Infringing On Liberty1367 Words   |  6 Pagesbooks, banking information, calendars, text messages, emails, photos, browsing history, and social media applications.† Most Americans would avow that there is a â€Å"high expectation of privacy in their cell phones’ contents.† So the question becomes, does the Fourth Amendment offer cell phone users protection from unlawful search and seizures? II. Background In 2010, â€Å"there were approximately 292.8 million cell phone users in the United States.† Traditionally, cell phones have been defined as â€Å"smallRead MoreThe First Amendment And Technology1681 Words   |  7 Pages 4th Amendment and Technology Zach Caulum CRMJ 240 Professor Bushong 9/26/2015 â€Æ' Introduction In the twenty-first century there have been many advances in technology which grant us view of more places than we used to be able to see. But with that where do the boundaries lie when using said technology. The history of the Fourth amendment helps to shape how we think about certain issues today, because some of the earlier cases serve as a precedent for the modern fourth amendment cases. ThereRead MorePolice Requirements for Certain Tasks Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing: †¢ Search a home suspected of containing marijuana: If the police suspect that a home contains marijuana, they must first obtain a search warrant under the Fourth Amendment, unless there are exigent circumstances such as destruction of evidence, hot pursuit, or some other exception that applies. Although the Fourth Amendment protects a man’s home, neither the home nor all the surrounding objects are beyond the capacity of being searched under proper circumstances. If the police officersRead MoreThe Film Behind the Green Door 2202 Words   |  9 Pagesactivity at the theater. The investigating officers were members of the Fulton County Solicitor General’s office. The investigation began when the officers began viewing a film that was authorized and played at the Paris Art Theater. The film in question was â€Å"Behind the Green Door†. After viewing the film the officers went and obtained a legal warrant for seizure purposes. The officers returned to the theater and watched the film in its entirety one extra time. After the completion of the film theRead MoreThe Safety And Dignity Of Detainees1786 Words   |  8 Pages The Safety and Dignity of Detainees Does the policy of strip searching impede on the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights of individuals as outlined in the United States Constitution? In Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholder of County of Burlington et al this question arises when the petitioner was stopped at a traffic stop, and upon a database search it was discovered he had an outstanding warrant for his arrest to due to failure to pay a fine. The petitioner was sent to Burlington County CorrectionalRead More`` Domestic Drones `` : The Problems That Ensue From The Flaws Unmanned Aircraft Safety1045 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, provides several security concerns, including a possible invasion of privacy and relaxed consequences of misuse. The debatable question here is whether drone surveillance by police should always require a warrant (McGlynn). By analyzing two opposing viewpoints on this topic through an in-depth observation of its use of logos, pathos, and ethos, this question can be addressed with professio nally formulated perspectives. Amie Stepanovich stands on the pro side. She appeals to ethos becauseRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Law Of The United States Of America1496 Words   |  6 PagesLaw of the United States of America. It evolved from being an administrative practice of the state and interventionist measures of the President to a way to enshrine the right to equality under the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the incorporation into the constitution plexus of the 14th amendment where it is stated that no state may deny within its jurisdiction the protection of the law to all its inhabitants. However, despite efforts, gaps in the conceptualization of the regulations andRead MoreThe Current State Of Fourth Amendment Law Essay2841 Words   |  12 Pagescom/img/privacy-quotes/9730413/] This paper is intended to discuss the current state of Fourth Amendment law and evaluate the legality of State and Local governments use of drones as an extension of the state government?s police powers. The paper will proceed first by examining the current state of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence with particular attention paid to how courts have historically reconciled Fourth Amendment rights with State Government?s use of emerging technology to advance the state?s policingRead MoreWilliam Served As A Justice Of The Supreme Court1806 Words   |  8 Pageshas served as the court conservative ideologue. William served as a chief justice of the Supreme Court from September 26, 1986 to September 3, 2005. During his time that he served as a Supreme Court judge, he wrote majority of opinions on the fourth amendment with included searches, seizures and traffic stops. Rehnquist argued about conservative views in a number of cases held by the Supreme Court. â€Å"His writings were mostly fo r the majority or dissenting opinions. Rehnquist had recognized his conservative

Key Issues in Criminal Justice Administration Today

Modules: Capstones Module 1 Case Introduction Criminal justice administration mainly focuses on crime prevention and punishing any illegal activities. Criminal justice administration is wide and it entails law enforcement and the judicial administration. Some of the jobs that relate to criminal justice administration include; security coordination, juvenile delinquency administration, law enforcement and being a courtroom official. Additional crime is also part of criminal justice administration. This field entails terrorism prevention, immigration policies and social policies. Other duties that criminal justice entails include; police officer, community relations advocate and correctional officer. For an officer working with the criminal justice administration, his work involves law enforcement (Bharti, 2008). Key issues in Criminal Justice Administration today The criminal justice administration today faces various issues and problems thus needing serious reforms. In most cases, many nonviolent offenders go to jail because many prosecutors and district attorneys succumb to political pressure hence become tough on crime. The prisons are always populated and there are minimal resources to ensure there are significant improvements in the system. Some of the key issues facing Criminal justice department today include; wrongful convictions, gangs, racial injustices in the administration, excessive criminalization, socio economic considerations, and problems withShow MoreRelatedThe Moral, Legal, and Economical Aspects of Capital Punishment1509 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has long been a topic for heated debate throughout the United States of America and the civilized world. For many politicians, the death penalty has been a key pillar to winning a state or election; and, to some extent, politics have been a key influence in Americaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s justice system. Many nations have outlawed capital punishment, with the United States included between 1972 and 1976. In the United States, there has been a renewed movement for this â€Å"eye for an eye† method, citingRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 Pagesin order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal element that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that the criminal justice professional is vital when it comes to ensuring that individual and societal needsRead MoreThe Organization Of Criminal Justice Functions1449 Words   |  6 PagesIn addressing the question as to which approach to the organization of criminal justice funct ions more efficiently, first one must consider how organization is defined. Organization is basically defined as social units devoted primarily to the attainment of specific goals. A system for the administration of criminal justice, whether it is confrontational or inquisitorial, should include certain key elements with communications between a large number of personnel; whose roles are very defined, whoRead MoreGap In Prisons1034 Words   |  5 PagesAll India Jail Committee (1919-1920), a comprehensive study was launched which proved to be landmark in the prison reforms of the country. For the first time, in the history of prison administration, reformation and rehabilitation of offenders were identified as one of the objectives of prison administration. Today many recreational activities are carried out in Indian jails healing the physical, emotional and the spiritual opportunity for self development and inculcating a sense of social responsibilityRead MoreThe Issue For The Social Work Profession912 Words   |  4 Pagessevere violent incidents, zero tolerance has evolved to a very critical policy that arguably pushes more minority boys out of school and into the criminal justice system. As many refuse to try to connect present day issues of race within law enforcement, this issue is a pressing issue for the social work profession. Battling against a social injustice issue as such, that presents with so many disproportionate, becomes difficult in working with youth in Ward 7. To hear the youth say, â€Å"Why does any ofRead MoreCriminal Justice Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Midterm Essay 1 Midterm Essay Armando 1 Running Head: Midterm Essay 2 Briefly identify and explain the key differences and similarities regarding the UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS programs. The Uniformed Crime Reporting (UCR) Program displays crime data for the United States, as well as for states, cities, counties and colleges. This allows for a comparison among neighboring jurisdictions and among those with similar populations and other common characteristics. TheRead MoreMidterm Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Midterm Essay Armando Murillo Excelsior College Briefly identify and explain the key differences and similarities regarding the UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS programs. The Uniformed Crime Reporting (UCR) Program displays crime data for the United States, as well as for states, cities, counties and colleges. This allows for a comparison among neighboring jurisdictions and among those with similar populations and other common characteristics. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)Read MoreLeading Group Challenges1610 Words   |  7 PagesLeading Group Challenges * Police, courts and corrections are part of criminal justice organizations. Each of these organizations face challenges every day and the leaders of these agencies must deal with these challenges (Duelin, 2010). The types of criminal justice leaders range from police chiefs and sheriffs to prison superintendents, and heads of government, state, or local task forces. Some of the challenges they confront are budget and staffing shortfalls, political perspectives on theRead MoreThe Issue Of Auto Burglary1012 Words   |  5 Pageslikewise anticipate that grantees will work with local crime examination focuses, including those that the Division of Criminal Justice Services underpins in five Upstate areas, to recognize patterns and examples including motor vehicle crashes so that agents and prosecutors can utilize that data to convey individuals who might perpetrate extortion to justice (Clarke Harris, 1992). The issue of auto burglary is unpredictable and like that of a jigsaw ridd le. All the pieces must fit together before theRead MoreAnalysis : The Rodney King Incident Essay935 Words   |  4 Pagescase study of how failure to institutionalize some of the contextual themes concepts can result in malfeasance. Research incidents of other criminal justice malfeasance and, by using the five contextual themes as a guide, identify administrative concepts that could have prevented these situations. Racial profiling in law enforcement is the criminal justice malfeasance I chose it is safe, it is a hotbed topic and in law enforcement we are walking down a very slippery slope in discussing it. As a

Appeal - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, one of the three main persuasive strategies as defined by Aristotle in his  Rhetoric: the appeal to logic (logos), the appeal to the emotions (pathos), and the appeal to the character (or perceived character) of the speaker (ethos). Also called a rhetorical appeal. More broadly, an appeal may be any persuasive strategy, especially one directed to the emotions, sense of humor, or cherished beliefs of an audience. Etymology From the Latin appellare, to entreat Examples and Observations Appeals are not the same as fallacies, which are simply faulty reasoning that may be used intentionally to deceive. Appeals can be part of a reasonable argumentative case. The potential for misuse, however, is present in all appeals . . .. Two of the most common appeals are those to the emotions and those to authority. (James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments. Strata, 2007)Advocates of capitalism are very apt to appeal to the sacred principles of liberty, which are embodied in one maxim: The fortunate must not be restrained in the exercise of tyranny over the unfortunate.  (Bertrand Russell, Freedom in Society. Skeptical Essays, 1928) The Appeal to Fear Fear appeals are one of the most common persuasive devices encountered by consumers today. In a class lecture at our university, a product manager at a telecommunications giant acknowledged that one of the firms most common sales techniques is to use fear, uncertainty, and doubt--also known as FUD . . .. Using FUD tactics also may be a component of propaganda campaigns where appeals are made to people to support various causes such as saying no to drugs or smoking.  (Charles U. Larson, Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. Cengage, 2009) Sex Appeals in Advertising [L]ets take a quick look at texts that work--or fail to work--using relatively simple appeals. The best examples come from advertising....An ad campaign for a certain toothpaste ... promised that the product would enhance  buyers sex appeal.The structure of this appeal is very simple and clear, but the direction of the appeal is anything but straightforward. The toothpaste company occupies the author position; the TV viewer, the audience position. The company has toothpaste to sell; viewers need to care for their teeth but are faced with many choices about which brand to buy... Product Z decides to bypass the whole health issue. It creates an appeal to an altogether different position of value: sex.It is fair  to ask  whether toothpaste has anything  to do with sex at all. On the one hand, it hardly seems sexy to think about cleaning food from between your teeth and polishing off plaque and coffee stains. On the other hand, sweet breath and  shiny teeth have traditionally b een associated with physical beauty (at least in a Euro-American culture). Shiny, healthy teeth also suggest youth and prosperity.To capitalize (literally) on these associations, the toothpaste ads show lovely, young, prosperous-looking men and women whose gleaming teeth occupy the central focus of my television screen. Im looking at them, without the least hint of doubt that these people have sex appeal.The act of substituting a new position  of value for a more obvious one works like a metaphor... Instead of saying, Product Z promotes dental health, we can say, Product Z gives you sex appeal.(M. Jimmie Killingsworth,  Appeals in Modern Rhetoric: An Ordinary-Language Approach. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005)

Native Americans And The United States - 873 Words

When starting this class I personally did not have a very detailed understanding of what or who indigenous people were, what made them important, and how they helped to shape what is now American history. To think that when settlers first came to the new land native americans made up one hundred percent of the population but now are roughly only one percent of the total population is very disappointing to see. This decline of population was due to many different factors such as, territorial conflicts, war, disease, and being forced to re-settle. When resettling, the journey alone that the native American had to take caused a huge decrease in population. Any population that is still here today is comprised of federally designed reservations. Although it is said that Hawaii and Alaska are two sates that have still refused to put in place any policies with Native Americans that seek out the rights to restrict them. I have learned that many native tribes that were geographically si milar, often times came together to form nations, as well as confederacies. With these tribes being so similar yet so different, geographically and with the language, it often times lead to unity or division within these native communities, before the arrival of new settlers. With these differences we saw how each tribe played a part in the history of new settlers in the states as they each contributed something different to our history. This fact however gets looked over a lot of the time,Show MoreRelatedThe United States And Native Americans Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did no t want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History ofRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States should haveRead MoreNative Americans And The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMany people think that the African-Americans are the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States. That may be true based on the quality of oppression, but not the length of this type of treatment. The Native Americans have been the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States, and even in the colonies that preceded the US. From the early 16th century until even today, the Native Americans were and are being oppressed in this country. The cause was because of colonizationRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience challenges that the average American is not subject to, but Native Americans, who live on reservations, experience a unique set of social hardships. Many of these hardships are due to the fact that they live on reservations where resources and esteem are scarce, but in order to preserve cultural identity and sovereignty, many natives believe it is not only their right to live on reservations, but their duty. Likewise, it is a duty of the United States government to provide these people, whoRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and African Americans3048 Words   |  13 PagesDeculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were appliedRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and Squan to Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesSquanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they firstRead MoreEssay Native American Relations with The United States4012 Words   |  17 PagesNative American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six timeRead MoreEssay on Native Americans vs the United States of America1956 Words   |  8 PagesTimes were very hard for Native Americans during the mid to late 1800s. The reasons for their afflictions could only be blamed upon the United States of America. For thousands of years, Native Americans had roamed around the Americas. There had also been many tribes spread across the West that fought between each other in order to have their land.1 It wasn’t until after reconstruction in the United States, that the white Americans started having ordeals with the Native Americans. The main tribes involvedRead MoreThe Great Impact On Native American Nation And The United States Of America1767 Words   |  8 Pagesdisagreements, disrespect, feuds, or even over the smallest of matters. For example, one of the biggest feuds in American history that just ended recently was between the Hatfield’s and McCoy’s. This just shows you how petty, ignorant, and uncivilized we as a people can become. However, the greatest and most crucial feud of all was between the entire Native American Nation and the United States of America. This war of hate and disrespect towards tribes of people and their culture is uncalled for and has

Lord of the Flies and the Story of Creation Free Essays

Satan, Prince of Darkness, Lucifer, Iblis; no matter what title he bears, the devil is the most recognizable and distinct representation of evil In existence. In the story of Adam and Eve, the devil’s wicked evilness takes the form of temptation. He uses temptation to stray Eve from the path of God, the path she was created to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies and the Story of Creation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Lord of the Flies evil disguises itself as temptation yet again. The boys are tempted by their persisting desires to leave their civilized morals behind and indulge in the vicious and untroubled ways of savagery. Numerous parallel themes, in ddition to evil disguised as temptation, between Lord of the Flies and the story of Adam and Eve are present. Themes such as original purity, the spread of sin, chance for redemption and tainted innocence. When Adam was created by God from the â€Å"dust on the ground and the breath of life† (Genesis 2:7) and Eve from Adam’s rib, they were perfect, pure human beings and devoutly loyal to God. Similarly, when the boys first arrive on the island they are unwavering In their devotion to maintain civilized morals and disciplined behavior. In chapter 2, Jack displays this devotion by nnouncing to the group, â€Å"We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages. We’re English, and the English are best at everything. † In the beginning of both plots, the characters of the story are pure in their Innocence and loyalty to what they believe is right. Adam and Eve pure in their loyalty to God and the boys retain their innocence by maintaining civilized behavior. Jack and Eve have one clear thing in common; they both lead their companions in straying from the path of righteousness. Eve by being the first to give into the evil temptation of eating the fruit nd Jack by glvlng In to the evil temptation of power and the â€Å"compulsion to track down and kill that was swallowing him up. † Subsequently after, the evil that engulfed Jack and Eve quickly spreads to their companions like a terribly contagious disease. Eve convinces Adam to eat the forbidden fruit as well, thus damning them both. Jack starts a new savage tribe that most of the members from the civilized tribe quickly Join. Upon witnessing this conversion from good to evil Ralph remarks, â€Å"The world, that understandable and lawful world. was slipping away,† Later in the book. aces savage ways even begin to infect two of the most civilized boys left on the Island. During one of Jack’s feasts, Ralph and Piggy â€Å"found themselves eager to take a place in this demented but partly secure society. They were glad to touch the brown backs of the fence that hemmed In the terror and made it governable. † In continuance of his custom, God goes to visit Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. When they hear him coming they grow ashamed of their nakedness, something they had never noticed before, and try to cover themselves with leaves and hide from him. God, being all knowing, pretends to search for them. He does this in order to give Adam and Eve an opportunity to return to Him and acknowledge their sin. The British Naval offcer that arrives on the island in Lord of the Flies represents what was originally good and right in the eyes of the boys, as does God In the eyes of Adam and Eve. When the boys come storming out of the burning forest to discover their saviors standing on the beach, they feel no Joy but shame. Shame for the uncivilized ways 1 OF2 tney nave conauctea tnemselves. In emoarrassment was only ampllTlea wnen the British Navvy Officer remarked, â€Å"l should have thought that a pack of British boys†¦ ould have been able to put up a better show than that. † This humiliation experienced by the boys is similar to that of Adam and Eve. In correspondence with God’s actions in the Garden of Eden, the Navvy officer â€Å"turned away to give them time to pull themselves together. In warning Adam and Eve of the dangers of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, God says, mfou may surely eat of every tree of the garden, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die. † (Genesis 2:16-17) God’s warning proves itself very true. Upon eating the fruit, their spiritual death is immediate, Adam and Eve are spiritually separated from God and lose a part of themselves they will never truly regain. The boys in The Lord of the Flies lose something of great value as well; their innocence. In realization of this, Ralph â€Å"wept for the end of innocence. † Both the boys on the island and Adam and Eve permanently tainted their purity in falling victim to the temptations of evil. â€Å"Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. † â€Å"He is everywhere represented as the deceiver, ssuming false guises, and making false representations. † (Peter 5:8) (Corinthians 2:14) Both Adam and Eve and the boys in Lord of the Flies were deceived by the false guises of the the devil’s evil. The bible categorizes evil in two groups; evil against one another, such as murder, theft, and adultery and evil against God such as idolatry and blasphemy. The Devil tempted the characters in the two stories to commit both evil against one and another and evil against God. Adam and Eve committed evil against God by disobeying his orders and Eve committed evil against Adam by convincing him to eat the fruit. In Lord of the Flies the boys committed evil against one another in numerous ways. They murdered Simon, Piggy, and attempted to kill Ralph. In the book, civilized behavior and morals represented God. They committed Evil against God/civilization by losing faith and worshipping symbols of their savagery (pig’s head and beast). In the world today, evil against God is very frequently committed because in most people’s eyes, it is not true evil. From the Connecticut shooting to domestic abuse, in society today it seems as if people are carelessly making no effort to resist the devil’s temptations to commit evil against one another. How to cite Lord of the Flies and the Story of Creation, Papers

Value Of Investment Appraisal Techniques †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Value Of Investment Appraisal Techniques. Answer: Introduction The overall evaluation of the assignment mainly evaluates the financial services that could be used in identifying the value of investment appraisal techniques. In addition, the investment appraisal techniques are mainly used in evaluating the investment proposal, which could help in identifying the viable investment option for Mark and Paul. Nature and Scope of Investments There are two different types of investments, which could directly help in generating the relevant return from investment. The first investment directly provides a relevant investment of around $261,000 initially, while the second investment needs around $390,000. Both the investments intend to provide relevant returns from investment in near future, which could direly help in generating higher profits from operations (Bodie 2013). The first investment scope needs hard work and operational capability from Mark and Paul for running the restaurant. However, the second investment scope only need venture capital investments from Mark and Paul. Investment Opportunity One Budgets: Sales Budget Sales Budget August September Particulars Meal Drink Meal Drink Sales Volume of drink 20,000.00 60,000.00 18,000.00 54,000.00 Selling price $ 45.00 $ 6.00 $ 45.00 $ 6.00 Sales $ 900,000.00 $ 360,000.00 $ 810,000.00 $ 324,000.00 Total sales per month $ 1,260,000.00 $ 1,134,000.00 Labour Budget Labour Budget Particulars August September Per hour rate $ 23.00 $ 23.00 Working hours 6.00 6.00 Number of staff 3.00 3.00 Working day per week 6.00 6.00 Number of week in month 4.00 4.00 Total labour cost per month $ 9,936.00 $ 9,936.00 Cash Budget Cash Budget Particulars June July August September Cash Collection $ 1,260,000.00 $ 1,134,000.00 Cash paid for drinks $ 2,000.00 $ 11,000.00 $ 20,000.00 Cash paid for meals $ 40,000.00 $ 40,000.00 Overheads $ 5,000.00 $ 5,000.00 $ 5,000.00 $ 5,000.00 Labour cost $ 9,936.00 $ 9,936.00 Drawings $ 20,000.00 $ 20,000.00 $ 20,000.00 $ 20,000.00 Noncurrent assets $ 201,000.00 Available Cash $ (226,000.00) $ (27,000.00) $ 1,174,064.00 $ 1,039,064.00 Add openings cash balance $ 80,000.00 $ (146,000.00) $ (173,000.00) $ 1,001,064.00 Closing cash balance $ (146,000.00) $ (173,000.00) $ 1,001,064.00 $ 2,040,128.00 Overview and Analysis of Budgets The evaluation of the sales budget mainly states that relevant income from operations is been generated, where meals sales are relatively generating higher revenue. Moreover, the sale of drinks is triple of the sales that are generated from meals (Scott 2016). Therefore, the sale budget mainly represents the sales that is been conducted in August and September, as the overall restaurant started in August. The selling price per meals is $45 and for drinks is $6, which provides a total revenue of $ 1,260,000 in August and $ 1,134,000 in September. The overall labour budget mainly represents the expenses that is been conducted by the restaurant on labour. The overall estimation of the wage rate is $23 per hour, which directly makes the labour expense on month basis at $9,936. The evaluation of the cash budget mainly helps in representing the overall cash flow of the investment that is been conducted by the organisation. The relevant cash flow from investment could be seen from the cash budget (Einsele 2013). Moreover, the closing cash balance in June and July was negative, while from August the cash flow closing balance becomes positive, as revenue generated from operations was relevantly high. Hence, the closing cash balance of September is estimated to be at $ 2,040,128.00. Practical issues associated with investment: The major practical issues that could be identified from the restaurant investment proposal are the experience that is needed for running the restaurant. The main practical issue that could be identified from the evaluation is the experience, which is needed by Mark and Paul for running the business. However, there are no specifics information regarding the experience that is gather by Mark sand Paul. Moreover, Mark and Paul are university students in marketing, which hardly provides any kind of experience in running the restaurant business and estimating the costs of the investment. Investment Opportunity Two Evaluation Cost of capital 12% Year Cash flow Cumulative cash flow 0 $ (390,000) $ (390,000) 1 $ 100,000 $ (290,000) 2 $ 230,000 $ (60,000) 3 $ 190,000 $ 130,000 4 $ 140,000 $ 270,000 NPV $ 106,851.08 ARR 42.31% Payback Period 2.3 years The evaluation of the NPV, ARR and Payback period directly indicates that the investment is a viable option, which could directly help Mark and Paul to generate higher revenue from investment. The NPV directly indicates that the investment will provide an additional income of $106,851.08 from investment. Moreover, the ARR is at 42.31%, which is relatively higher than cost of capital and Payback period is at 2.3 years, which is fairly early. These evaluations directly indicate that the project is relevantly viable and could provide higher returns from investment (Gotze, Northcott and Schuster 2016). Comparison of Investment Opportunities The comparison of the two businesses mainly helps in identifying the relevant income that could be generated from the business opportunity. However, there are different types of non financial investment decisions, which need to be conducted for evaluating the business opportunity. However, from the evaluation it could be understood that the first investment options directly involves involvement of Mark and Paul in restaurant business, where both the individuals does not have any kind of experience. Moreover, Mark and Paul are university students studying marketing, while the financial evaluation and estimation conducted in the first investment option could be problematic options for both the individuals. However, the second investment options is a a new business development on the Gold Coast with other venture-capital investors. In this investment options Mark and Paul would only have to invest the money and there is no personnel involvement in the business. Therefore, the experience in running the business is not needed. Hence, the business could directly allow Mark and Paul to generate relevant income from investment, while reducing their involvement in the business. Thus, investment in the second proposal is much better option for Mark and Paul. References: Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Einsele, G., 2013.Sedimentary basins: evolution, facies, and sediment budget. Springer Science Business Media. Gotze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P., 2016.INVESTMENT APPRAISAL. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN AN. Scott, P., 2016.Accounting for Business. Oxford University Press.

Virtual Systems and Multimedia †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Virtual Systems and Multimedia. Answer: Introduction Technology coupled with globalisation has led to tremendous completion and emergence of opportunity. With growth and development of various industries around the world almost all industries stands to benefit(Guidi, 2010). Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality development has been the most prominent innovation of all time in technology. Fashion industry stands to benefit from tremendous opportunities created by virtual reality and augmented reality. In Australia innovations in this domain with their application has led to development of tremendous opportunities with leading fashion retailers adopting such trends(Altberg, 2007). Large fashion Companies are integrating various types of VR along with AR trends such as to extend core competencies within their industry. These technologies are enabling competitive advantages for these companies such that they are able to attract larger consumers towards their products. The scope of this report deals with various strategies with variable and static product line(Spreer, 2014). It deals with short term along with variable business model along with certain recommendations for the business plan. Strategy needs to be developed and accommodated for creation of product lines in the new fashion business. Cost calculation and product road map is integral for understanding the success of the business plan and its value creation(Castronova, 2008). VR and AR integration for a Company needs to be strategized such that appropriate product development can be attained. Success of a fashion firm while integration VR and AR has to be done in accordance to developed strategic fit to generate greater customer attention. In order to launch a MVP for validating and generating demands, a short term strategy needs to be created. The short term strategy needs to be aimed at virtual commerce strategy(Dholakia, 2009). For each application a differentiated personal customer experience needs to be created. The primary focus is to advertise and attract people towards transformation of their experience. Mission: The primary mission of the organisation will be catering to customer satisfaction Vision: The vision of the Company is focused on rendering unique product interface. Goals: Goals of the Company are focused on creation profitability, employee engagement and customer engagement. Objectives: Primary objective for the Company are focused on high quality product with AR and VR technologies. Strategies: All strategies of the Company will be focused in blending customer experience into VR and AR technologies. Tactics: There will be various tactics implemented by the Company for extending their capabilities and core competencies. In order to develop achieve goals for the study, it becomes critical to apply hypothesis for the study. There will be two hypothesis that will be assumed for the study, one comprises of Null Hypothesis (H0) and another is Alternate Hypothesis (H1). Null Hypothesis for this study encompasses that AR and VR does not impact retail sales in fashion of the firm and Alternate Hypothesis aims at establishing VR and AR impacts retail sales of fashion industry(Edeker, 2007). For success of any product, it becomes essential to establish cost benefit analysis for the product. The following includes cost benefit analysis for integrating AR and VR into fashion products of the firm for short term activities(Gaos, 2008). Month Cost Benefit January 50,000 450,000 February 80,000 500,000 March 90,000 290,000 April 110,000 330,000 May 95,000 310,000 June 120,000 410,000 July 105,000 340,000 August 130,000 350,000 September 60,000 210,000 October 70,000 260,000 November 80,000 310,000 December 130,000 510,000 Longer Term Strategy to iterate the product with additional features and to develop a viable business model The longer-term strategy for the firm will be to iterate products with features that become trends in the industry. Including new features with functionalities will allow greater customer attraction(Guven, 2009). There is tremendous amount of competition in the fashion industry with VR along with its sister technology AR offering opportunities for shoppers in their retail experience. It might offer application with technologies, which have capacities to reduce elimination of customers pain and increasing customer service for a greater personalized experience. Long term strategic fit will be focused on changing retailers towards the future(Mackenzie, 2009). The business model will aim at deciding on a technology application. Mission: The mission of the organisation will be to incorporate long-term sustainable strategic product innovations. Vision: The vision of the Company is focused on creation of fast fashion trends augmented with AR and VR. Goals: Goal for the Company will be focused on developing consistently innovative products that cater to market tastes of customer segment. Objectives: Objective of the Company will be multifarious that will include divergent product creating opportunities. Another objective will be to attract significant shareholder investments into innovation as well as product development. Strategies: Strategic endeavors for the Company will be aimed at keeping pace with integrated technologies along with market demands which are key focus of competitors. Tactics: Tactics deployed by the Company will be focused at enhancing speed and efficiency across all its operational processes. In order to accomplish long term strategic fit, the hypothesis will be developed for the study. Null Hypothesis (H0) will aim at establishing technological integration as mobile devices cannot create a customer satisfaction platform. On the other hand, alternate hypothesis will aim at establishing mobile technological integration casing an impact of ease of customer service(Glazer, 2010). In order to establish cost benefit approach for the study with a long-term focus there will be integration of extensive analysis. The following is the cost benefit analysis for the long term strategic fit accordance to deliverables in month wise data(Ciptawilangga, 2009). Month Cost Benefit January 60,000 250,000 February 90,000 650,000 March 40,000 310,000 April 80,000 450,000 May 100,000 330,000 June 95,000 120,000 July 65,000 170,000 August 70,000 230,000 September 50,000 280,000 October 40,000 310,000 November 30,000 290,000 December 150,000 400,000 Product Roadmap and minimal viable product for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality With advent and integration of AR and VR with that of technological trends a product roadmap for retail products is designed(Kinateder, 2014). This product roadmap includes several features and functionalities that are integrated into making of the product. The firm will aim at developing products for home dcor, utensils, other decorative furniture and fixtures that consumers can easily purchase while sitting in comfort of their homes. The product roadmap in this case has been divided into four quarters in the year where a step will be achieved in each quarter. Initially the firm will be focusing of short term strategies and then later there will be a focus in regards to long term strategies. Short Term Strategy Long Term Strategy 2018 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July August September October November December Product Development Idea Launch Product Development Integration with VR Integration with AR Product Delivery Marketing Competitive Strategic Inputs Customer Analysis Marketing and Idea Building Advertising Technology AR Integration VR Integration Technological Updation At every step of product development, a integration effort will be made in order that the products can be presented in VR and AR arrangements. Technological fit for the products such that customer can have an unique experience from various products can easily be determined. VR and AR technologies which can easily adapt to and be responsive in mobiles can deliver significant competitive advantages for the Company. Integrations of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in the selected industry In Australia there has been significant incorporation of VR and AR technologies with that of various products across the retail industry(Vrechopoulos, 2009). While the firms products may be deemed to be attracting customers and highly profitable in nature it will not be able to extend core competency associated with that of the firm. The firm has to first decide technology that it will adapt for each of its application. VR makes consumers experience a simulated world which can be made use of by way of headsets and controller. Easier technologies are more popular amongst consumers compared to others which are not(Pantano, 2012). The firm has to realize that consumers in retail Australian segment purchasing home dcor items are not very familiar with VR integrated platforms. The firm has to decide if it will offer its products across mobile telephony devices and such platform will be available within the stores or out-of-store usage(Ruppert, 2011). This will allow the firm recognize gre ater challenges and identify the environment in which it might be facing diversified constraints. Budget and time related constraints is another aspect which the firm has to realize while integrating in VR and AR related technologies. All application integration needs to be centered around resolving customer related challenges such that they are able to understand value proposition(McGray, 2008). The product offered and launched by the Company needs to be different from available category of products such that it is able to curve a niche and competitive advantage for the Company. Then integrating in VR and AR might be a value addition for further extension of product related scopes. Conclusion In order that the firm is able to develop its product and extend technological application successfully it needs to adopt various steps. The following recommendations will allow the firm to overcome its pertinent challenges and grow in the future. The firm needs to identify products that have high demand in the market and are retail once. Retail products offered by the firm have to be highly differentiated from various products available in the market. The firm needs to price its products at an attractive levels such that it is able to attract significant number of customers. Often pricing strategy of the firm decides its capability to emerge as successful or as a failure. In this case selecting a highly priced product for launch can lead to tremendous losses for the Company hence, it should adopt a competitive product. With technological adaptation as well as with various developments, the firm needs to aim at setting concrete financial goals. Financial engagement goals or engagement can help create value as well as opportunity for the current business. Financial goals of the Company coupled with AR and VR technologies has to be evaluated frequently in order to achieve targeted outcomes. AR and VR technologies into retailing have to match business model for generating greater revenues or profitability. At every point a match has to be made such as to establish a fit between business models and developments in this field. The firm should aim at attracting equity financing for its technologies. Investment in this sector is growing at a rapid rate, hence making investments in this domain will help retailers establish competitive advantage within the industry. Reference Lists Altberg, E. F. 2007. U.S. Patent Application No. 11/738. 170. Castronova, E. 2008. Exodus to the virtual world: How online fun is changing reality. Palgrave Macmillan. Ciptawilangga, Y. 2009. U.S. Patent Application No. 12/474 . 202. Dholakia, R. R. 2009. Retail web site interactivity. . International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 821. Edeker, A. M. 2007. U.S. Patent No. 7,269,632. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Gaos, M. 2008. U.S. Patent No. 7,319,992. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Glazer, E. H. 2010. U.S. Patent No. 7,680,694. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Guidi, G. M. 2010. Virtual reality for retail. In Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM), 2010 16th International Conference on . IEEE, 285-288. Guven, S. O. 2009. Social mobile augmented reality for retail. In Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2009. PerCom 2009. IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 1-3. Kinateder, M. R. 2014. Virtual reality for fire evacuation research. In Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on (pp. 313-321). IEEE, 313-321. Mackenzie, K. B. 2009. A framework for evaluating business management lead users virtual reality innovations in Second Life. Electronic Commerce Research, 183-202. McGray, F. A. 2008. McGray, F., Adorable, A. T., Yabot, J. T., Pestelos, C. P. 926. Pantano, E. . 2012. Innovation in retail process: from consumers experience to immersive store design. Journal of technology management innovation, 198-206. Ruppert, B. 2011. New directions in the use of virtual reality for food shopping: marketing and education perspectives. Spreer, P. . 2014. Augmented reality in retail: assessing the acceptance and potential for multimedia product presentation at the PoS. Transactions on Marketing Research, 20-35. Vrechopoulos, A. A. 2009. Virtual reality retailing on the web: emerging consumer behavioural patterns. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 469-482.